Aguilar de Bureba is a municipality and town in the province of Burgos, within the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. It lies in the Bureba comarca, a district in the northern part of the province, in the Ebro river basin region of northern Spain.
The municipality is small and sparsely populated. According to the 2004 census carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Aguilar de Bureba had a population of 75 inhabitants. As a municipality, it comprises the town itself together with the surrounding rural territory administered under the same local government.
Its administrative status is that of a municipality (municipio) within the Burgos provincial structure, which forms part of the wider Castile and León region. The town's name derives from the Bureba district in which it is located.