Nova Roma do Sul is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. It had a population of 3,717 as of 2020.
The area was first settled in 1880 by immigrant families of Polish, Russian and Swedish origins. In 1885, Italian immigrants arrived, mostly from Belluno, Treviso and Vicenza, in the Veneto region. The Italians named the settlement Nova Roma do Sul in honour of the capital of Italy.
During World War II, the town's name was changed to Guararapes, because Brazil broke off diplomatic relations with Italy and the use of names referring to the Axis powers was prohibited. The original name was later restored.