Pilcaniyeu is a village and municipality in Río Negro Province, Argentina. It lies in the Patagonian region of the country's south, about 65 kilometres from the city of Bariloche.
The settlement is one of several small communities in the province's interior, administered as a municipality in its own right. Its position near Bariloche places it within reach of the surrounding Andean lake district, though the village itself is a separate locality rather than part of that city.
Pilcaniyeu is also known as the site of Argentina's national uranium enrichment plant, a facility established in the area during the twentieth century as part of the country's nuclear programme.