Caihua, also known as "colour painting," refers to a traditional form of Chinese decorative polychrome used in architecture. It is considered one of the most significant features of historical Chinese buildings throughout East Asia. The practice serves both an artistic and practical purpose, providing decoration while simultaneously protecting wooden structures from seasonal elements and concealing imperfections in the timber.
The application of specific colors and symbols within Caihua is determined by regional customs, historical periods, and the specific function of a building. These choices are grounded in traditional Chinese philosophies, such as the Five Elements, along with various ritualistic principles. Structurally, Caihua is typically composed of three distinct layers: a timber or lacquer base, a plaster layer, and a final pigment layer.